Earlier, I asked "What could definitely disprove dualism?"

I am going to expand upon this, and make it a point of discussion in this thread.

Let's get something out of the way. If neurology goes on to show how the human mind can conceptually think, that would probably be a huge blow to dualism. Whether or not that would definitively reject it, well, it would depend on how this find unravels.

Many would ask "If another animal reaches the level of human thought, wouldn't that disprove monism?"

No. This just includes more than us in the argument. It is true that the material developed, and the product of that development is conceptual thought. This does not mean that conceptual thought is the product of the material, as this could simply be a case of a "conditions need to be met" sort of deal. This is also why dualism is compatible with evolution.

I think a more sound argument can be made about the following question:

"Would artificial intelligence disprove dualism?"

Those who say no, would likely argue the same point made above this question, that making an artificial intelligence would simply be a "conditions met" event.

This position would insinuate that said artificial intelligence has a soul. This would be blatantly false. We can pick apart artificial intelligence, would be able to see which switch, which gate, and which plugs control which thoughts, which concepts, and which intellectual processes that humans have. These computational devices and hardware would then be all that is necessary for conceptual thought.

When we create artificial intelligence, we are responsible for every facet of its thinking. We make moot the necessity of an immaterial soul to give credence to our intelligence. We can then infer that we don't need this soul for our intelligence, and that our brain would be what the hardware is to the artificial intelligence.

Now, there needs to be another aspect to that question addressed.

"What would qualify an artificial intelligence as capable of human thought?"

The best answer to this question was given by A.M. Turing, in the aptly named Turing Test.

He gets his test from a simple party game, in which there are three parties: The judge, participant one, and participant two. Participant one would be a man, and participant two, a woman (or vice versa). The two participants would sit separated behind two screens, with the judge on the other side. The judge then goes on to have conversations with each of the participants, and then must discern which is male, and which is female.

Alan Turing went on to apply this to artificial intelligence by replacing one participant with a computer. The judge must then discern which participant is human and which is not. If the judge is not able to tell which is not, we can state beyond a reasonable doubt that the computer is capable of human intelligence. This is the Turing Test.

There are many objections to this test though, such as why this would be a test of conceptual thought. I think this is the best test of artificial intelligence we have, but not a perfect test to dismiss dualism.

In short, my answer to that question is yes; but I doubt it will ever happen.