Sounds like you've got a bad VC file, or possibly something else going wrong with the OS iteself.
First thing to try - reinstall the Visual C++ runtime files.
Second thing - give an older driver a go. The latest ATI ones are pretty broke (12.6 is the last fully working one, 12.3 is also a working one) & Nvidia aren't doing much better TBH.
Obviously isn't an Intel since it'd be crashing on specific things rather than randomly.
Last thing to try (I advise you backup anything important before doing this)
Open a command prompt as admin.
start -> accessories -> right click "command prompt" & select run as administrator
Then type (and press enter of course)
SFC /SCANNOW
That'll check over all your system files & if possible it'll fix any screwed up ones.
If it tells you it can't fix something then the OS is beyond repair & needs reinstalled, though I doubt it'll be anything that serious.